Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by variations in the brain. While some individuals with ASD have identifiable genetic factors, other causes remain unknown. It is believed that ASD arises from a combination of factors that influence typical developmental processes. Our understanding of these causes and their impact on individuals with ASD is still evolving.

People with ASD often exhibit unique patterns of behavior, communication, social interaction, and learning that differ from the majority. However, their physical appearance is typically indistinguishable from others. The abilities of individuals with ASD can vary greatly, ranging from advanced conversational skills to nonverbal communication. While some individuals require substantial support in their daily lives, others can function independently with minimal assistance.

ASD typically manifests before the age of 3 and can persist throughout a person’s lifetime, although symptoms may improve over time. Some children may display signs of ASD within their first year, while in others, symptoms may emerge around 2 years of age or later. It is not uncommon for children with ASD to exhibit progress and reach developmental milestones until approximately 18 to 24 months, after which they may experience a plateau or regression in skills previously acquired. During adolescence and young adulthood, individuals with ASD may encounter challenges in forming and maintaining friendships, communicating effectively with peers and adults, and understanding social expectations in educational and work settings. They may also exhibit comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which are more prevalent in individuals with ASD compared to those without the disorder.